Autor

Amira Metwaly, Sandra Reitmeier & Dirk Haller

Abstract

The intestine harbours a complex array of microorganisms collectively known as the gut microbiota. Microbial dysbiosis has been linked to many human pathologies, including type 2 diabetes mellitus and inflammatory bowel disease. Integrated analyses of multi-omics data, including metagenomics and metabolomics along with measurements of host response and cataloguing of bacterial isolates, have identified many bacteria and bacterial products that are correlated with disease. Current understanding of the contribution of the gut microbiota to disease causality remains limited, largely owing to the heterogeneity of microbial community structures, interindividual differences in disease evolution and incomplete understanding of the mechanisms that integrate microbiota-derived signals into host signalling pathways. In this Review, we provide a broad insight into the microbiome signatures linked to inflammatory and metabolic disorders, discuss outstanding challenges in this field and propose applications of multi-omics technologies that could lead to an improved mechanistic understanding of microorganism–host interactions.

Resumen del artículo

La composición bacteriana intestinal alterada y los cambios en el procesamiento de metabolitos derivados de bacterias por parte del huésped están implicados en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal y proporcionan un mecanismo patogénico subyacente compartido. Se ha establecido un vínculo causal entre las comunidades microbianas disbióticas y estas patologías a través de experimentos con ratones gnotobióticos y estudios multiómicos integradores. La combinación de Big Data, el análisis de genes en cepas bacterianas específicas y los subproductos metabólicos producidos por las mismas, son necesarios para identificar biomarcadores de estas enfermedades.